Early History of Petersburg South Australia 1875-1897

Main Street at Peterborough 1899

The Beginning—1875.

The History of Petersburg had its beginning in the Adelaide Auction Room on July 18th, 1875. The Government was selling land in this district by auction. Mr. H. H. Rohde bought section 216, containing 640 acres, for his father-in-law, Mr. Peter Doecke, at 24/- per acre. The next day he bought section 218, on the north side of the town at £1 6/6 per acre, for himself and gave Mr. S. Malycha £5 not to bid. Mr. Rohde took possession on August 14th 1875, but it was not until the following year, June 27th, that he brought his wife and family to reside on it. Mr. Peter Doecke never took possession of his section, owing to the severity of the northern climate not being suitable to one who was as advanced in years as he was. The land was sold eventually to another pioneer farmer, Mr. J. H. Koch, who came to reside in July, 1876. A year later he was joined by his brother, Mr. William Koch, men un-married, who helped to make the best of what then appeared to be a dry and thirsty land where water was scarce at all times.

Difficulties of Early Settlers.

The early days of settlement were characterised by many hardships and very few pleasures. But perseverance and toil enabled the Koch Bros., and their neighbor, Mr. Rohde, to keep the wolf from the door. Shearing and wool-carting proved a valuable help in solving the difficult question of "ways and means" to the pioneer farmers, for many years after the land was taken up. Bad seasons, drought, scarcity of feed, and long anxious days and months were as prevalent then as now. Growing wheat outside Goyder's line of rainfall has always proved a hazardous undertaking. The experience of the farmers and tradesmen for the last 20 years, show that the seasons run in circles. One good one in seven; the other years range from little to nothing.

The first year's harvest in 1876 was almost a total failure. Mr. H. H. Rohde reaped 80 acres of fallow for an average of 15 lbs. to the acre, whilst Mr. H. Graefe, on Mr. Koch's land, reaped nothing at all.

Water.

Water was another difficulty in the early days. The nearest supply was two sections away, about 3 miles west, near to Mr. H. Pomeroy's, and known as the famous "Nell Well." In the east there was "Jimmy's Well," Mr. McInerey's, about one and a half miles distant. The first well was sunk in 1876 on Mr. Rohde's section, and the second in the next year on Mr. Koch's. It was a terribly hot day, December 25, 1878, when a supposed run-away sailor, well dressed but apparently almost exhausted by heat and thirst was seen dragging his way towards ''Jimmy's Well." He reached the landing, his foot caught in one of the slabs, and then, with a piercing cry, he threw up his hands and fell headlong to the bottom of the well.

The Death of the Sailor. 

The well was 150 feet deep, none were near enough to help. No police nearer than Jamestown, and it was not until Mr. Threadgold descended the well that the body was brought to the surface. Four broken posts mark the last resting place of the poor wanderer, in the vicinity of the well. This was the first recorded death and burial in the eastern portion of the Hundred of Yongala, close to where the town of Petersburg now stands. Red letter days were few and far between, and during the years 1875 and 1876, nothing of sufficient importance transpired to be recorded here. A kangaroo hunt on Saturday and a lively walk of 7 miles to Church on Sunday — the service being held on the rocks near Mr. C. Miller's residence, at Yongala — were the chief recreations of the hard working and long enduring early settlers.

German Church.

The first German minister to visit the Hundred of Yongala was the Rev. Chas. Dierks, February 28th, 1877. He belonged to the Lutheran Synod of South Australia. He held service at Mr G. Przibillas' Yongala and visited Mr Koch's, where the first steps were taken to form the congregation. Owing to his removal to New Zealand as a missionary to the Maories, the Rev. J. Thiekson, who was stationed at Appila Yarrowie, came and ministered to the congregation at Petersburg in connection with his northern district until the beginning of the year 1885. The Rev. W. Fuhlbohm took his place and held services in Mr. J. H. Koch's house. At the same time, the Rev. L. Kaibel, belonging to the Immanuel Synod, held services in Mr. H. H. Rohde's house. Rev. L. Kaibel resided at Appila. In the same year, 1885, these two religious bodies erected a Chapel on a piece of ground given by Messrs Koch Bros., and was opened on July 15th, 1885, by the Revs Fuhlbohm and Kaibel. In 1887 Rev. W. Fuhlbohm was removed from Appila Yarowie to Petersburg, where he still successfully labors. In 1887 a private school was started by German congregation, belonging to the Lutheran Synod, in the vestry room of the Church, with 9 scholars. Owing, however, to the school becoming too large it was removed to one of Mr. Koch's rooms. The number of scholars still increasing made it necessary to erect a school building. This was done in 1882, and, unlike most Church buildings, was paid for as soon as it was finished. The first teacher was Mr. A. Gartner, who taught German only, whilst his successor taught both German and English. Miss A. Galle, Mr. G. Festersen, Miss A. George and Mr. Heinrick, who is still the teacher, were in turns teachers in this school. 

The students and staff of the Lutheran School c. 1890s

1878

The year 1878 was marked by an important event in the history of the district, and of the Catholic Church. The Catholic portion of the community combined and erected St. Sebastian Church on a piece of land two acres in extent, the generous gift of Mr. John McInerney. The Rev. Fr. Niven (now Arch Priest of Adelaide) ministered to the spiritual wants of the people until July 1881. The services were then conducted by the Rev. Father James Maher (now Bishop of Port Augusta) who used to drive a long distance, often 40 miles to Petersburg from Pekina. The earnest labors of these good Catholic priests can be seen in the well established church. The Very Rev. Father Norton is the Priest now in residence and the Rev. Father Ward, Assistant Priest. It was quite a sight to see the Catholic friends wending their way on foot, in vehicles, and on horse-back to the little church on the Plain. The Church can still be seen on the way to Terowie about three miles to the South-East of our town.

First Catholic Day-school.

In such a growing community as this was, a day school was soon felt to be a necessity. And out of their own pockets, the Catholics of Petersburg (like their brethern in all parts of Australia) maintained their own school since the beginning of November, 1884. For twelve years it was in the hands of lay teachers, Miss M. B. O'Loughlin being the head teacher. In the beginning of 1887 it was handed over to the care of the Sisters of St. Joseph, under whose able guidance it is at present. About 100 pupils a year has been the attendance; sometimes there were as many as 130 or 140 on the roll and these have been educated without any cost to the State Government. The present Parish Priest (Very Rev. Fr. Norton) came to the town in January 1884, and established the Catholic school and through him it has been kept on all these years.

1879.

Mr. Wm. Heithersay arrived at Petersburg on December 23, about midnight with a wagon laden with a blacksmith's plant and tools. There being no gate-way leading into section No. 218, the initial difficulty was where to unload the iron, bellows, and forge. At last it was put down in the Government Road. The only settlers in the neighborhood being fast asleep he returned to Yongala that night. On the following morning he came back and decided to accept Mr. H. H. Rhode's offer for half an acre of land at £20. He proceeded to erect his shop on the spot where the Railway Hotel now stands. His first striker was Johnny Pitchford.

1880.

About 12 months later he was joined by Mr. Pitchford, a wheelwright. The firm was known as Messrs. Pitchford and Heithersay. Mr. Heithersay has not only watched the rise and progress of Petersburg, but has done perhaps more than any other man to help forward the interests of the town, commercially, and in municipal and religious matters. He has now a large machinists business in the Main Street of Petersburg, where he employs a large number of hands.

Chas. Preece bought allotment No. 4 on July 1889. The cheque tendered in payment was without signature, and was the first cheque Messrs. Koch Bros, received in payment for land — it was in their possession about three weeks before they discovered that it lacked a signature and that Mr. Preece was one of the solid men of the town. He is one of the many who has done much to forward its interests. Mr. Richard Nourse was his first customer for half a sheep in the same year. Mrs. Preece came on September 22. It rained steadily for 14 days. She caught a severe cold and had to return to the Burra, and is a sufferer from Asthma in consequence, even to this day. His only daughter, Beatrice, was one of the first twins and the first girl born here and survives to this day.

A Free Fight.

A peculiar incident happened in '80 in connection with laying the ballast on the line that was then building in Petersburg. The boy with the water bag was offering the pannican of water to the navvies. Two hands grasped the pannican together, Big Con managed to secure it, and immediately threw the contents over Little Mick. A row ensued. The Boss, Phil Riley, ordered the men down to fight and all hands to stop work and see it out. Some objected, but had to yield. A ring was formed; the men set to and blood flowed; and the issue was, that Little Mick knocked out the big bully Con. The contents of the water-bag were thrown over them both and all hands returned to work. The amusing part of the whole business was that Boss Riley, who had ordered the fight and the men to stop work, docked every man a quarter of an hour's pay. 

First Public Meeting.

In July, 1879, an important preliminary meeting of farmers was held in the little room, adjoining Mr. Rhode's house, to consider the advisability of erecting a Protestant Church and School. The following genlemen were present:—Mr. Jas. Ramsay (in the chair), Messrs. Richard Nourse, sen., B. Hancock, R. Cheffer, W. Miller, Jas. Anderson, J. Sambell, H. H. Rhode, and Jos. Witty. Mr. Witty acted as secretary. This was the first meeting ever held in the place. It was followed by another a fortnight later to further consider the matter. It was a general public meeting and was well attended. Mr. H. Rhode generously gave half an acre of land on which to erect the Church. Six trustees were appointed, viz., Messrs. J. Ramsay, Richard Nourse, J. Witty, B. Hancock, H. H. Rhode, and Wm. Miller. Plans and specifications, were prepared by Mr. Richard Nourse, sen. The contract was let to Mr. Sinclair, who completed the erection of the first Church in Petersburg. Mr. J. Ramsay carted the first load of stone. A portion of the same property is now let to Mrs. Pearce and is popularly known as the "Cafe de Paris," on the Main Street. To show the marvellous growth of the town and the increase in the value of property; that same land on which the Union Church stands after changing hands several times was recently purchased by Mr. Wm. Rhode at £17 per foot frontage. 

Opening of New Church.

The Church was duly opened on Sunday, Oct. 27, 1879. To the Presbyterians belongs the honor of first proclaiming the Gospel on what was then known as section No. 218. The late Rev. Mr. McNiel (than whom no more saintly man ever travelled the North) was a preacher. He came over from Jamestown and conducted service morning and afternoon. The first text was characteristic of the man, viz., I Cor. 2nd chap. 2nd Ver: "For I determined not to know anything among you, save Jesus Christ and him crucified." The Sunday services were followed by a tea and public meeting. It was worthy of note that while that first service was being conducted there was a crop of wheat around the Church averaging 18 bshls. to the acre. Was that crop typical of the Harvest of good to be reached in the months and years to come? Mr. McNiel conducted services in that building which was appropriately known as Union Church for six months. They were then continued by Mr. Beaglehole for five weeks, a much respected resident and a very respectable lay preacher, amongst the Baptists. The old Union Church was, until recently, used as a Salvation Army barracks. The late Rev. David Badger, a godly, able, and self denying preacher was the second minister to conduct services in Petersburg. The Union Church which had been formed was composed chiefly of Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Baptists with Mr. Badger as minister. The Union soon terminated and it became a Baptist Church.

The First Child.

The honor of being the first child born in Petersburg belongs to the son of Mr. and Mrs. Masterson. He was born in the old premises purchased by Mr. Callary from Mr. Masterson, and which Mrs. Callary now occupies. Mrs. Masterson died of typhoid fever, January, 1880. Mrs. Yates' child was born a few hours after Mrs. Masterson's. 

Mrs. Pritchford opened the first boarding-house in December, 1881. Two other boarding houses were opened in 1881, the masons and carpenters working by lamp-light, so great was the hurry to get them finished. That built by Messrs. Pitman & Garrett was on the site where now stands the Catholic Presbytery. The other opened by Mrs. Barnard is now occupied by Mr. D. Politis.

Land Sale, 1880.

The land sale held in August 19th, 1880, marked a new era in the history of Petersburg. Mr. H. H. Rhode was the vendor. Messrs. Liston & Shakes were the Auctioneers, and Messrs. Smith and Doswell were the surveyors. Account sales of Mr. Rhode's first land sale amounted to over £1,200. So great was the demand for blocks that more land was sold than had been surveyed. The sale was conducted in Mr. Wm. Heithersay's blacksmith shop, the only building in the town. The same day as the land sale took place a meeting in connection with the Union Chapel was held, and a large number of people had gathered from near and far for the opening.

Wesley Church, 1879 to 1897.

The first Wesleyan Church was an iron building which was built in 1880 by Mr. Geo. Threadgold. The opening services were conducted by the Rev. Boyling and Bagder. The Rev. Boyling was the second minister to conduct services in Petersburg. It was afterwards sold with the land to the Roman Catholic community for the sum of £100. The present building, which stands at the corner of Bismarck Street and High Street, was erected in 1884, at a cost of £430. The Rev. J. J. Nicholls was then Pastor of the Church. The manse property was purchased from Mr. Malycha for the sum of £600. It is situated in a splendid position with an acre of land attached. In 1889, the trustees purchased the corner block as the section of Bismarck and Railway Streets for the sum of £55, for the purpose of erecting a more central and commodious place of worship. The following have been placed in charge by the Wesleyan Conference in succession: Revs. Boyling, Stewart, Nairne, Nichols, Hodges, Fry, Blacket, Langsford, Rofe, Carne, and H. C. George, who is the present pastor.

1881.

Mr. Arnold was made the first justice of the peace for Petersburg in this year.

The First Wedding.

Mr. Wm. Nourse to Miss Bell by the Wesleyan Minister Rev. Boyling.

The Railway.

The event that has most affected the development of Petersburg, as a town, took place on December 21, 1880, viz., the opening of the railway for traffic from Terowie. The rapid progress of the town may be said to have commenced then. The fact of its being a junction connecting every portion of the Colony south of Adelaide, bids fair to make it the City of the North in a few years. In 1876, when Rhode and Koch came to reside on their sections, the nearest railway stations were the Burra and Gladstone. The survey of the following lines were carried out in 1879. From Terowie to Pichi Richi pass, and from Jamestown to Section 216, in the Hundred of Yongala, where the junction of the three lines, Adelaide, Port Pirie, and Port Augusta was effected. The present station yard was purchased in two sections. The first of about seven acres was bought at £7 per acre, the second of 17 acres cost £10 per acre. The Government Valuator, Mr. Botting, successfully negotiated the transaction. Tenders were called for in the Government Gazette for the erection of transfer sheds, work-shops, etc., on section 216 Hundred of Yongala. These were subsequently erected at Terowie.

On November 13, 1884, the Bill was passed in Parliament authorising the construction of the North-Eastern line to Cockburn. Messrs. W. Heithersay, W. Threadgold, P. Callary, and other leading residents took a very active part in promoting that scheme. When the news reached Petersburg, the town became a scene of general rejoicing. The event was celebrated by the firing of guns, bon-fires, fireworks, stump-speeches, and other expressions of joy. It is said that at Terowie on the same day, the news caused general lamentation and woe, and that not even a dog was able to wag its tail (the Chronicles do not vouch for the historical correctness of this statement).

Mr. McArthur came from Port Pirie late in the year 1887, to take charge as Traffic Superintendent, four months after the Cockburn line was opened. Mr. J. McGuire succeeded Mr. McArthur in June, 1895. Mr. F. Rushton the present Loco Superintendent came to reside in Petersburg, March 7, 1891.

It was originally intended that the passenger station should be on the North side of the line, next to Main Street, the site having been fixed by the engineer, but through pressure of city influence the station was erected on the southern side and the goods shed was placed on its present site. A monument to a short-sighted policy that is keenly felt to this day. 

The first stationmaster was Mr. J. T. Short, who is now in the employ of the W.A. Government as Railways Commissioner of the W.A. Railways, and resides at Perth. Mr. T. W. James had the honor of being the first Resident Engineer. He was subsequently transferred to superintend the construction of the line from Adelaide to Nairne, and was succeeded by Mr. P. W. Stephen on January 18, 1882, which position he still holds.

Railway Workers at the Station 1880

Geo. Thompson who joined the service in January, 1876 was the first engine-driver that crossed the junction in charge of a mixed train from Terowie. Harry Revel cleaned the first engine in 1880. Geo. Graham was killed in the Petersburg railway yard in 1885, through his foot catching in the rails at the points, whilst in the act of uncoupling a truck. Harry Deent lost his right arm in 1886. The same year Patrick Kearnan was killed at the rear of the Town Hall through the trucks leaving the line, the points having been left at half turn. Both legs were severed above the knee. He died in the Jamestown Hospital shortly after. Tommy Woods, as engine-driver took the first train to Cockburn. Thos. and Wm. Parr were the first porters in the Petersburg station. These have now become successful merchants in Sydney, N.S.W.

The line from Terowie to Petersburg was opened for traffic on January 17, 1881. Sir William Jervois, Governor of South Australia passed through some fourteen days previous to that date and declared the line opened from Terowie to Petersburg and from Jamestown to Petersburg; both sections having keen opened at the same time. The first consignment of goods delivered by train in Petersburg was for Mr. James Wilson, jun.

Origin of the Name "Petersburg" in 1881.

The Town of Petersburg is so called after Peter Doecke. The happy thought originated with Mr. J. H. Koch who, in conversation with others who were suggesting different names, said "Why not call it Petersburg after the first selector Peter Doecke."

Population in 1881.

After the first land sale there was an influx of population, and for the year following the total number of residents was some twenty and a number of children. The following are the names of the residents at that time:—Mr. Wm. Heithersay, Mr. Thos. Gillespie, Mr. and Mrs. S. Smith, Mr. Jno. Heithersay, Mr. and Mrs. Fay, Mr. and Mrs. Jackson. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett, Mr. and Mrs. Kentish, Mr. and Mrs. Preece, Mr. and Mrs. Harvey and two daughters (they started a boarding house), Mr. and Mrs. Garrett, Mr. Walter Peters, (of Yongala opened the first store), Mr. and Mrs. Brauer, Mr. and Mrs. Schultz, Mr. and Mrs. J. Wright, Mr. and Mrs. Masterson, Mr. and Mrs. Gates, and Mr. and Mrs. Callary. These were mostly young people with small families.

The First Death.

The first recorded death was that of Mr. A. D. Brauer's little child, aged 10 months—March 23, 1881. It was buried in the old cemetery, which was opened on Mr. J. Anderson's land; but when the present site was chosen, the coffin was taken up and removed to it, that was about six months after the burial of Mr. Brauer's child. Mr. Brauer came to Petersburg on October 15, 1880, and did his first work on Mr. J. Hoare's Hotel.

Opening of Petersburg Hotel, 1881.

It is worthy of note that prior to the opening of the Petersburg Hotel, the residents of the place were like a happy family—a total absence of rowdyism and brawling. The night after the Hotel was opened, two men were arrested and in due time received three month's each for attempting to stab one Thos. Harding in a drunken fray. The men were knocked over and tied up with ropes in the stables until the arrival of the police from Terrowie at 5 o'clock in the morning. The navvies broke into the hotel and broke windows and furniture to the value of £15. Such was the beginning of the drink traffic in Petersburg. The Petersburg Hotel was built by Mr. Jonathon Hoare and was a one-storied building.

Tree Planting.

Every visitor to Petersburg was impressed with the wisdom shown in planting the streets of the town with trees. Turning barrenness into beauty, and enhancing the healthfulness of the town. The first trees were planted by Mrs. W. Heithersay who in 1881 planted allotment No. 21 with sugargums. The trees were a wedding present from the Rev. A. W. Wellington, then stationed at Yongala.

Bank Manager.

The first bank manager for the E. S. & A. Bank was Mr. E. Trimmer. The Bank was opened in Mr. J.

Hoare's hotel. There have been many changes in the managership since that time, but strange to see Mr. E. W. Gleeson was the second and is now in charge of what is known as the best paying branch out of the city, viz., Petersburg.

Race Meeting.

The first races were held in the year 1881 in Mr. Jno. Mclnerney's paddock. There was some lovely racing due to Teddy's Land. M. Casey did the starting while John Mac made them stand. The next, in 1882, was held in the town of Petersburg. The grandstand being where the Wesley manse now stands. Mr. M. J. Howard's mare won the double.

Post and Telegraph Office.

The Post and Telegraph Office was first opened on the premises of Mr. W. Threadgold, January 25, 1881. Mr. J. H. Koch received the first telegram from the Minister of Education. The officers were transferred to the present premises in the same year. Mr. J. Mellonfeld, jun., was appointed as the first Government postmaster.

Police Station.

On January 23, 1881, the first police station was opened at the Petersburg Hotel by M.C. Edmondson who came from Yongala on that mission. On March 30, same year, premises were purchased in Glogeau Street and M.C. Humphreys was stationed there. He was succeeded on September 23 by M.C. Denby. In 1882 M.C. Ornsby was placed in charge.

Friendly Societies.

The first of the Friendly Societies to open in Petersburg were the Rechabites. They opened their lodge in 1882. Mr. S. Garrett was the Secretary, Thos. Nelson the first worthy chief. Very shortly after, the Forester's Lodge was constituted. The Druids are also a very strong body.

 Baptist Church.

The Baptist Church, with Mr. Mr. Badger as Minister, was formed in 1882. A small church was built and fair work accomplished. Mr. Badger left at the end of the year and the Rev. J. B. Syned next ministered to the Petersburg and Terowie Churches. Later the Church was worked from Orroroo but the people finding that their cause did not prosper as it should with the minister so far away, invited the Rev. J. R. Wallbank, who erected a Manse during his residence and great progress was made. Mr. Wallbank's ministry proved that a resident ministry was the proper course for the members to take. The Rev. R. Taylor, of Mannum, was invited to begin his ministry here in 1890. The Manse was enlarged and improved before Mr. Taylor's arrival. During Mr. Taylor's ministry, the Church became a large and vigorous body. Owing to the increased congregations, it was decided to enlarge the church. The new building was opened in 1892. The membership of the church was increasing apace, and splendid work was done when Mr. Taylor resigned his charge in 1893. The Rev. Mr. Gilmore of Broken Hill, was next appointed and resigned through ill health and for six months, the church was without a pastor.

The Public School.

The site of the present public school was purchased from Mr. Rhode. The four allotments costing £50. The school was opened January 1, 1883. 28 pupils were on the roll with one teacher, Mr. J. G. Inglis. The results of the annual examination were 62.5 per cent. Mr. McInerney was appointed on Nov. 8, and left again on December 31. Mr. D. O'Leary was appointed headmaster on January 1, 1884?, and Miss Maloney as assistant at the same time. The present number of scholars on roll is 353 and the number of teachers is six. The result on the annual examination in 1887 was 80.75 per cent. The first room built accommodated 80 children. The present building is capable of seating 450. A new wing was added to the building in 1897.

Agricultural Society.

The inaugural meeting was held on Tuesday, June 8, 1884. There were 12 members present. Mr. Threadgold was elected president, Messrs. Hosking and W. Miller, vice-presidents. Mr. P. Callary treasurer and Mr. Belcher secretary. A large and influential committee was nominated. At another meeting, held July 22, a subcommittee was formed, to transact the business of the show, consisting of Messrs. Thos. Hosking, A. J. Hooper, R. Cochrane, W. Miller, A. Dowd, J. Ramsay, B. Mitchell. W. Newman and W. Heithersay. The Society has grown to be one of the most popular and influential societies of the North. Mr. Jas. Wilson is the energetic secretary, R. Cochrane, Esq. J.P., being president for 1897. 

Anglican Church. 1884.

The Anglican church was opened on September 19, 1884. The old school or union church building was purchased and renovated. Mission services were held every Friday evening and on the Tuesday after the 4th Sunday in each month. It was called St. Peter's Church, and the formal opening services were preached by the Ven Archdeacon Dove, morning and evening, December 7, 1884. Special mention must be made of the services rendered by Messrs. F. Kentish and Jabez Wright in the early days of this church. Rev. A. C. Higgins, who was mission priest at that time, labored hard to establish the church in Petersburg; but owing to the very large district he had to work, it was a difficult task to keep the church alive. In 1893 Rev. W. S. Hopcraft became the first resident clergyman. On his arrival the Anglican people might have been counted on one's fingers. Being a man of great tact and judgment, he soon grasped the position of the church. He labored with much earnestness, and soon succeeded in filling the old church to overflowing. It was found necessary to hire the town hall for evening service. In '87 a special vestry meeting was called for the purpose of either enlarging the old building or erecting an entirely new church. The latter was decided upon and steps were taken to collect the necessary funds. In September the foundation stone was laid by Rev. Dean Marryat. In January 1888, the new church, built in the Gothic style, was formerly opened by the Archdeacon Dove. In 1890, Mr. Hopcraft was called, and left for Port Augusta. His place was filled by the Rev. Pitt, M.A. who arrived from England to take charge of the work. Since his departure the Ven. Archdeacon French has been the Incumbent, and with the supervision of the churches of this far north has his time almost more than fully occupied.

Town Hall.

The first site for the institute was where the Anglican church and rectory now stands, and for which £25 were paid. The present site was obtained from the Government by the Hon. E. Ward. The first section of the institute was built in 1884 at a cost of £853 15/9 without any fittings or furniture. Mr. J. Wright was the contractor and Mr. W. Threadgold acted as clerk of works. The following gentlemen were appointed as trustees: Messrs. William Threadgold, William Heithersay, J. H. Koch, J. W. Koch, W. Howard, A. Brauer, J. Levine, Jas. Wilson, junr., Jas. Ramsay and J. Witty. The following are the remaining trustees: Messrs. J. Witty, J. Ramsay, J. W. Koch, J. H. Koch. W. Howard. W. Heithersay and A. Brauer. The Institute was opened by Hon. W. Copley. Mr. W. Threadgold was elected as the first president and continued in office for four sessions. The Hon. E. Ward delivered the first lecture on August 12, on Shakespeare. It was not until late that the institute became the property of the Petersburg Corporation. Several additions were made in 1894, and the name altered to that of the Petersburg town hall. Messrs. Bowering and Garrett were the contractors for the new additions. Dr. Cockburn laid the foundation stone of the new portion.

Procession to Mark the Opening of the Town Hall at Peterborough on 22 November 1894

The first Mayor of Petersburg was William Threadgold, Esq., J.P., who was elected in September, 1886 and continued in office for two years. The councillors who were elected to the first council were as follows: for West Ward, Messrs W. Howard and P. A. Callary; for East Ward, Messrs. J. W. Wright and H. T. Rabbich; for South Ward, Messrs. T. Hosking and W. Heithersay. The following gentlemen have been successively Mayors of Petersburg: W. Howard, Esq., J .P., 3 years; E. Palmer, Esq., J.P., 1 year; W. Heithersay, Esq., J.P., 3 years; Dr. Elliot, 1 year, J. W. G. Alford, Esq., J.P. 1 year; E. Palmer, who is the Mayor for the year 1897.

Town Clerk.

The office of Town Clerk was first filled by Mr. J. R. Hill who was succeeded by Messrs. H. Touchell, F. Blade and S. Keally. Mr. S. Keally came to Petersburg in 1883 and was appointed as Town Clerk in 1889 which office he still holds.

The present Town Hall is a commodious and imposing structure. It was designed by Mr. Cavanagh architect of Adelaide, it has a large inner hall capable of seating 500 people with a roomy stage, well fitted with scenery attached and ante-rooms on either side. The ground floor in front is occupied by the Council Chamber, which also serves as an office for the town clerk; on the west side of the entrance hall is a fairly large reading room in which is placed the library. Above the reading room and council chambers are a large lodge room and ante-room, used by various lodges of the town. The total cost of the Hall as it now stands is £1,200. The council contemplate making considerable additions in the near future. On Aug. 26, 1890, Cr. Holland moved and Cr. Owens seconded, "that in future all Corporation books should be kept in the Councils iron safe." This was not carried out and about 14 days after a fire broke out on the premises of Mr. Dowie, then occupied by the Town Clerk, Mr. Touchell, who had just resigned, and, very unfortunately, every book was burnt, including the books belonging to the Anglican Church. 

The Medical Profession.

A number of medical men had practised in Petersburg, amongst whom may be named, Dr. Purdy, Dr. Elliot, Dr. Renner (who died in Jan., 1893 aged 73 years), Dr. A. W. Hill, Dr. Kinmont. The present, both genial and popular men, are Drs. Stevenson and Canny. Dr. Canny started practice in Petersburg in 1892. He has been an Army doctor and has been practicing for over 30 years. He is generally well liked as a practitioner. Dr. S. R. Stevenson came to Petersburg in 1886 in the month of August—then unmarried. He practised extensively for over 10 months. Then he decided to take a trip to his native land, Scotland. On his departure he generously cancelled all accounts that were owing to him at that time. After a somewhat lengthy stay he returned again to Petersburg where he has a most lucrative practice.

Wheat Crops.

During some of the best seasons known in this district over 100,000 bags have been delivered at Petersburg in one season. In 1887, 90,000 bags of wheat were delivered, of which the firm of John Darling and Co., secured 30,000 through their local agent, Mr. S. Kealley.

Petersburg Times, 1887.

The first issue of "The Petersburg times and Orroroo Advertiser," appeared on August 1, 1887. Mr. R. M. Osborne was the proprietor and editor. The paper has since been enlarged, and now appears as an 8-page organ. Mr. Osborne's business has also been extended to Orroroo, Quorn, and Adelaide.

The Local Court, 1889.

In the month of April, 1889, the first court of full and limited jurisdiction was established. It was presided over by Mr. S. D. Rudall, Esq. The presiding magistrate was congratulated and complimented by Mr. H. Boucaut solicitor.

Mines, 1889.

The Oodla Wirra Ironstone Flux Co., which was taken up about 18 months ago, was first started about July 9, in 1889. There was a contract to supply Port Pirie with 3,000 tons of flux. Mr. J. Heithersay is very largely interested in these mines.

Railway Picnic, 1889.

That popular institution, the Railway picnic was originated on Wednesday, September 11, 1889. Mr. G. F. Elsy was the Hon. Secretary. He was the best picnic organiser Petersburg has known. He was also one of the original organisers of the Hospital Fund, which is now vested in the hands of the Corporation. The amount collected for this fund now amounts to £107. The Engine Drivers, Firemen, and Cleaners' Association was formed in 1889.

Big Floods.

January 1, 1889, witnessed the biggest flood known in Petersburg. The son of Mr. Smith, packer on the railway at Oodla Wirra was drowned on that day, he was washed away before his mother's eyes. The resources of Mr. F. W. Stephen and his staff were taxed to the utmost to restore the traffic on the railways, great credit being due to them for their heroic efforts. Owing to the flood the water rose so high that Mr. J. W Bowering floated down the Main Street in a boat. The Rev. F. Blackett, with his buggy, was in evidence all day long, taking the men to and from their work through the water, which was so high and the current so strong that the streets were impassable on foot. Fortunately for Broken Hill, the flood waters filled Hutton's Lagoon, and our respected Resident Engineer is to be complimented upon the satisfactory way in which he arranged the purchase of that water for the Government. He also urged that Broken Hill should be supplied from there, and thus prevent what might have been a disastrous water famine, although £500 was paid by Mr. Malycha for a share in the local water syndicate with a view of supplying the Silver City itself.

Agricultural Bureau.

A preliminary meeting was held at Mr. Sheridan's Junction Hotel on May 22, consisting of the following gentlemen. W. Miller, A. J. Hooper, C. Chamers, R. Cochrane, F. Sambell, T. McKeough, D. Chalmers, C. W. Dowdy, and P. Howard, at which the following resolution was carried:

"That it is desirable, in the interests of the Agriculturalists of Petersburg and surrounding districts, to form a branch of the Agricultural Bureau." Mr. P. Howard was appointed secretary and instructed to take necessary steps for that purpose. 

The first meeting of the Petersburg branch of the Agricultural Bureau was held on June 18, 1890, and was composed of the following gentlemen as members:

W. Miller (who was elected chairman for ensuing year), A. F. Dempsey, R. Cochrane, F. W. Sambell, A. J. Hooper, T. McKeough, D. Chalmers, S. W. Dowdy (who was absent on the occasion) and P. Howard, secretary.

At this meeting it was decided to increase the number of members to 12, which was the limit fixed by the Central Bureau. Messrs. R. McPherson, J. Burton, and Jas. Wilson were nominated for approval of the Central Bureau and took their seats. Mr. McPherson, on July 5; Mr. Wilson on August 2; and Mr. Burton on November 1, 1890. 

The meetings were held in the sample room of Sheridan's Hotel on the first Saturday in the month, as there were no small rooms in connection with the Town Hall, and the minimum charge for the use of the hall was 5/- which was thought prohibitory. 

At the close of the year Mr. Howard, the secretary, removed to Warracknabeel in Victoria, and Mr. Jas. Wilson was appointed to the vacant post. The Chairman, Mr. W. Miller, has been re-elected every year since the initiation of the branch, and the secretary has been re-elected each succeeding year since accepting the post. Messrs. A. F. Dempsey, G. W. Dowden, T. McKeough, J. Burton, and A. J. Hooper retired at different times by resignations. Mr. D. Chalmer met his death by an accident. 

The following gentlemen were appointed in place of original members resigning: 

W. Howard, J.P., Thos. Selby, A. H. Graefe, H. Earle, A. W. Jamieson, F. W. Stephen, A. W. Stephen, A. Dowd, E. Palmer, J.P. of which Messrs. W. Howard and E. H. Graefe resigned. 

The regulation as to number of members allowed to each branch having been altered from 12 to 15, three new members were appointed in June, 1896, viz., Jos. Cochrane, J. P. Yatina, W. Waters, and W. Heithersay, J.P. Petersburg.

There is no doubt but that this branch has had an influence for good on the agricultural interests of the districts. Many valuable papers have been read and discussed on the most advanced ideas in regard to the farm, garden, dairy, and the breeding of stock. Lectures have been given under their auspices by Prof. Lowrie, H. Nathan and others. Many scores of different seeds, have been experimented with, and the advantage of sorghum, as a summer fodder, has been amply demonstrated. The advantage of the new system of dairying, by using the separator, has been advocated from the first. 

Literature on this and many other subjects has been liberally distributed and the improvement of dairy cows practically taken in hand by the members combining and purchasing an Ayrshire Stud Full from the Hon. J. H. Angas. The animal is named "Bonnie Laddie," by the famous Ayrshire Champion "Herd Laddie," and is in the care of Mr. R. Cochran, who resides about a mile west of the town. Seeds of different kinds have been obtained for members and others at cost price, and early in 1884 a parcel of about 10 bags of seed wheat was imported from Victoria. One of the varieties (Dart's Imperial) formerly unknown in the Colony gives promise of being a grand wheat and the yield from the whole has been above the average from crops grown from our own seed wheat. 

The meetings of the Bureau are now held in the Lodge room of the Town Hall at 2.30 p.m. on the Saturdays on or preceding the full moon. The doors are always open to the public and visitors are cordially invited.

Catholic Church School, 1890.

The foundation stone of the school was laid by His Lordship Right Rev. Dr. O'Rielly, Bishop of Port Augusta on September 28, 1890. The contract price for the building was £1,031 10/- and the amount raised more than defrayed the cost, viz., £1,187 2/8. It was not until nearly two years after the laying of the foundation stone that the new edifice received the special blessing of the Bishop of the Diocese, Dr. O'Riely, on September 11, 1892. It speaks well for the Catholic portion of the community and their faithfulness to their church, that only about £75 remains on the Church school. And this, after contributing two large sums towards the liquidating of the debt on the Cathedral church at Port Augusta.

Cemetery, 1890.

The Petersburg Cemetery passed under the control of the Corporation in 1890. Messrs. Threadgold, Witty, Ramsay, Koch, Wight and Rabbich were appointed trustees.

Vigilance Committee, 1890.

The same year the Vigilance Committee was formed, with Mr. A. Stevens an as Hon. Sec. It is now known as the Progress Committee, and has done much to advance the commercial interests of the town.

Petersburg Hotel 1890

Literary Society, 1890.

This society was formed on September 18th, 1890. E. Palmer, Esq., J.P., was elected president; Messrs. Wurm and Holland as vice-presidents; Mr. J. W. Bowering, as secretary and treasurer; Messrs. R. Cochrane, Jr, P. Howard, and W. Heithersay as the committee. Thirteen were presented at the first meeting. The president gave an address on the aim and objects of the society. The Rev. J. R. Wallbank followed in the same strain. The Rev. J. Blackett on Darwin's Theory of Evolution whilst other gentlemen delivered short addresses and recitations.

W.C.T.U. 1891.

The W.C.T.U. Petersburg branch was organised by Miss Ackerman from America, on October 9th, 1891. Mrs. Howard was the first president, and Mesdames Jamieson and Kealley were secretary and treasurer respectively, and through much discouragement and opposition from those not in sympathy have bravely held their posts. The Union was very successful for some time, and it was owing to their influence that the Rechabite cause took heart and re-started their Tent. 

The branch has been visited by Mrs. Harrison Lee of Victoria, Drs. Rider and Bushnell of America, Mrs. Nicholls and Miss George, of Adelaide, and, just latterly, by Mrs Marney, representative of Miss Wallard World's W.C.T.U. President. The Union has done steady work, and has never gone out of existence since its inauguration. In September, 1897, Mrs. Stalley resigned, and Mrs. Murray was elected President with Mesdames Jamieson and Bowering, secretaries, and Mrs. Kealley treasurer. In 1894 a coffee and free reading room was opened, but owing to non-patronage, it had to be closed up before a month's trial.

Petersburg Extension, 1891.

Mr. J. W. G. Alford sold by auction what is now known as the Petersburg Extension, and by some as Cochrane town, on May 2, 1891. 

Working Men's Blocks, 1891.

The valuable work done by Mr. J. Gribble in connection with the working men's blocks took place in this year. In 1891 Mr. Gribble, accompanied by Hon. J. V. O'Loughlin and Mr. L. O'Loughlin, waited on the Commissioner of Crown Lands, the Hon. W. Copley, and presented a petition that land should be purchased from Mr. Torr at £4 per acre, in order that the working men of Petersburg might be able to secure homes for themselves and families.

Smallpox Scare, 1892.

The small-pox scare occurred on December 17, 1892. The infection was brought into the place, as supposed, by the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Lademann on their return trip from Germany. Special precautions were taken to prevent the spread of the disease. A special train took away the patient and Dr. Stevenson, Mrs. Koch and two children. The Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Fullbohm and two relatives (who had proceeded to Caltowie) went to the quarantine station. The disease was stamped out: but that single case of a little girl of five was the cause of the Government spending £600. 

The Musical and Dramatic Society.

The Musical and Dramatic Society was formed in 1892, and gave its first performance on November 11 on that year.

Broken Hill Strike.

It was in the same year that the unfortunate took place which affected so disastrously the Commercial interests of the colony and almost paralysed trade in Petersburg.

Water Conservation, 1893.

Difficulty of an adequate water supply has been felt for years past, and several attempts have been made to induce the Government to undertake a Water Conservation Scheme. The first suggested was that of the Reservoir's site near the Minvalara dam. A petition was signed in favor of this, by every resident, save eight. To Mr. Groves belongs the credit of getting the signatures to the petition, waiting on each one personally. Although many schemes have been suggested, yet up to the present nothing practicable has been done. The latest scheme is to co-operate with Orroroo in what is known as the Pekina Creek Scheme. On Friday, Oct. 31, 1897, a committee consisting of Messrs. Kealley, Kitson, Holland, Caseley, and Heithersay, met the Orroroo friends and inspected the proposed site.

Arbor Day, 1893.

The first Arbor day was held on July 1, 1893. The recreation ground was planted with trees, the Conservator of Forests was present. The singing of the National Anthem, and the Song of Australia by the school children and a procession to the grounds where the children were regaled with fruit, etc., formed the chief features of the day.

The Census, 1893.

Early in this year a census was taken of the whole town, which showed that the population had reached a total of 1,824. That marked the growth of 14 years. Since 1893 the population has nearly doubled itself, showing that the progress of the town of late years has been by leaps and bounds.

Cyanide Works, 1895 to 1897.

Initiatory steps were taken in 1895 by the Progress Committee to secure the erection of a cyanide plant in Petersburg, the object being to test the quality of the stone raised in the district for payable gold. A deputation of over thirty gentlemen, representing the district north of Terowie, waited on the Hon. P. P. Gillen, Minister of Mines, in the Town Hall, Petersburg. This was the largest and most influential petition ever presented to a Minister of the Crown. Some months later, the question of the cyanide works was again brought before the notice of the Government by another large deputation composed of delegates from east, west, north, and south. The deputation was received by the Hon. F. H. Holder in the absence of the Hon. P. P. Gillen, the Minister of Mines. After a long debate in the House of Assembly, it was decided that they should be erected at Petersburg. The works were completed and opened with much elation on Aug. 6? by Mrs. L. O'Loughlin starting the machinery. The Hon. F. W. Polder and several members of Parliament were also present and addressed a large crowd outside the works. A banquet in the town hall in the evening finished the day's proceedings.

Jubilee Year, 1897.

The year 1897 was marked by the establishment of two parks on the North and South side of the line to commemorate the Jubilee of Her Majesty the Queen. That on the north side was the gift from Mr. H. H. Rohde, who generously placed 14 acres at the disposal of the Council for that purpose. Mrs. H. H. Rohde laid the commemoration stone of the park gates, and was presented with a silver trowel as a memento of the occasion. A piece of land was purchased from Messrs. Koch Bros., on the south side in what was known as the Petersburg Extension. Messrs. Koch Bros. presented the entrance with handsome pillars and a pair of gates. The commemoration stones were supplied by Messrs. Shutz and Habich.

Sources:

1. Reviewing the Past, Early History of Petersburg 1875 to 1897. (1912, December 20). Petersburg Times (SA : 1887 - 1919), p. 6 (Our Christmas Supplement).
2. Main Street at Peterborough 1899; Courtesy the State Library of South Australia
3. The Students and Staff of the Lutheran School; Courtesy the State Library of South Australia
4. Railway Workers at the Station; Courtesy the State Library of South Australia
5. Procession to Mark the Opening of the Town Hall at Peterborough on 22 November 1894; Courtesy the State Library of South Australia
6. Petersburg Hotel 1890; Courtesy the State Library of South Australia